![]() This average temperature difference is called the log mean temperature difference (LMTD), described earlier. In addition, the temperature difference existing between the inside and the outside of the pipe, as well as the temperature differences along the pipe, necessitates the use of some average temperature value in order to analyze the problem. In such circumstances, the surface area of heat transfer normally given in the convection equation ( ) varies as heat passes through the cylinder. Many applications involving convective heat transfer take place within pipes, tubes, or some similar cylindrical device. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the air is 18 Btu/hr-ft 2 - oF.Ĭalculate the heat transfer rate from the pipe into the room if the room temperature is 72 oF. and the outer surface temperature is 280 oF. The outer diameter of the steam line is 18 in. Values of h have been measured and tabulated for the commonly encountered fluids and flow situations occurring during heat transfer by convection.Ī 22 foot uninsulated steam line crosses a room. This is due to turbulent flow having a thinner stagnant fluid film layer on the heat transfer surface. Typically, the convective heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow is relatively low compared to the convective heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow. ![]() The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is dependent upon the physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation. H c = convective heat transfer coefficient of the process (W/(m 2 K) or W/(m 2 ° C)) The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection has the same form as that for heat transfer by conduction:Ī = heat transfer area of the surface (m 2) For flow in a pipe, T b is the average temperature measured at a particular crosssection of the pipe. For boiling or condensation, T bis the saturation temperature of the fluid. For flow adjacent to a hot or cold surface, T b is the temperature of the fluid "far" from the surface. The exact definition of the bulk temperature (T b) varies depending on the details of the situation. In practice, analysis of heat transfer by convection is treated empirically (by direct observation).Ĭonvection heat transfer is treated empirically because of the factors that affect the stagnant film thickness:Ĭonvection involves the transfer of heat between a surface at a given temperature (T 1) and fluid at a bulk temperature (T b). Heat transfer by convection varies from situation to situation (upon the fluid flow conditions), and it is frequently coupled with the mode of fluid flow. Heat transfer by convection is more difficult to analyze than heat transfer by conduction because no single property of the heat transfer medium, such as thermal conductivity, can be defined to describe the mechanism. The transfer of heat from the surface of a heat exchanger to the bulk of a fluid being pumped through the heat exchanger is an example of forced convection. The transfer of heat from a hot water radiator to a room is an example of heat transfer by natural convection. The term forced convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by an outside force, such as a pump. The term natural convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by density variations resulting from temperature differences within the fluid. ![]() Btu/hr - ft 2 - ☏ = 5.678 W/(m 2 K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m 2 ° C)Ĭonvection involves the transfer of heat by the motion and mixing of "macroscopic" portions of a fluid (that is, the flow of a fluid past a solid boundary).Common units used to measure the convective heat transfer coefficient are: The convective heat transfer coefficient is sometimes referred to as a film coefficient and represents the thermal resistance of a relatively stagnant layer of fluid between a heat transfer surface and the fluid medium. The convective heat transfer coefficient (h), defines, in part, the heat transfer due to convection.
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